Effect of antioxidant agents after dental bleaching on luting of ceramic laminates / Efeito de agentes antioxidantes pós-clareamento na cimentação de laminados cerâmicos

O objetivo deste estudo in vitro foi avaliar o efeito da aplicação de agentes antioxidantes após o clareamento dentário e previamente à cimentação de laminados cerâmicos na estabilidade cromática do conjunto restaurador, assim como nas propriedades mecânicas de nanodureza (HIT), módulo de elasticidade (Eit*), grau de conversão, resistência de união e morfologia da interface adesiva. Ademais, a neutralização de peróxido de hidrogênio e a caracterização superficial do esmalte, como ângulo de contato, energia de superfície, energia livre total de interação, microscopia eletrônica de varredura e espectroscopia de energia dispersiva do substrato submetido à ação das soluções antioxidantes e do agente clareador também foram analisados. Duzentos e quarenta e dois blocos de esmalte dentário (7x8x0,6mm) foram utilizados para o processo de cimentação e distribuídos em grupos experimentais de acordo com os métodos de procedimentos (grupo não clareado, grupo clareado com Whiteness HP Maxx 35%), tipos de antioxidantes adotados (controle; ácido ascórbico 10% e α-tocoferol 10%) e períodos de cimentação (após 24 horas e 14 dias do processo de cimentação) (n = 22). Foi utilizado o sistema adesivo Tetric N Bond Universal e o cimento resinoso Variolink Esthetic LC (Ivoclar Vivadent) como agentes cimentantes. Os dados foram submetidos a testes estatísticos de normalidade e analisados por ANOVA e teste de Tukey (α = 0,05). Os dados da morfologia da interface adesiva, obtidas pela microscopia confocal a laser, foram submetidas ao teste Kappa inter-examinadores e os dados foram submetidos aos testes Kruskal-Wallis e Dunn (α = 0,05). Os resultados mostraram que, de modo geral, a utilização da solução antioxidante α-tocoferol 10% pós-clareamento no período mediato promoveu resultados satisfatórios com relação à estabilidade cromática do conjunto restaurador, assim como para as propriedades mecânicas, grau de conversão, resistência de união e morfologia da interface adesiva comparado ao grupo clareado sem associação dos agentes antioxidantes, tanto para o período mediato, quanto para o período de 14 dias (p< 0,05). A solução de αtocoferol 10% apresentou maiores valores de neutralização do peróxido de hidrogênio e maiores valores de molhabilidade do esmalte em relação aos grupos controle e ácido ascórbico (p< 0,05). A energia de superfície e energia livre total de interação do esmalte dentário foi significativamente influenciada pelo tratamento clareador (p< 0,05). Dessa forma, conclui-se que o emprego da solução antioxidante α-tocoferol 10% promoveu resultados promissores, sugerindo que o mesmo poderia ser utilizado mediatamente após o clareamento dental na cimentação de laminados cerâmicos(AU)

The aim of this in vitro study was to evaluate the effect of antioxidant agents application after tooth bleaching and prior to luting of ceramic veneers on color stability of the restorative set, as well as on mechanical properties of nanohardness (HIT), elastic modulus (Eit*), degree of conversion, bond strength and morphology of the adhesive interface. Furthermore, the hydrogen peroxide neutralization and surface characterization of enamel, such as contact angle, surface energy, total free energy of interaction, scanning electron microscopy and energy-dispersive spectroscopy of the substrate submitted to the action of antioxidant solutions and bleaching agent were also analyzed. Two hundred forty two dental enamel blocks (7 x 8 x 0.6 mm) were used for the luting process and distributed into experimental groups according to the procedure methods (unbleached group, bleached group with Whiteness HP Maxx 35%), types of antioxidants adopted (control; 10% ascorbic acid and 10% α-tocopherol) and the luting periods (24 hours and 14 days after the luting process) (n = 22). Tetric N Bond Universal adhesive system and Variolink Esthetic LC resin cement (Ivoclar Vivadent) were used as luting agents. Data were submitted to statistical tests of normality and analyzed by ANOVA and Tukey tests (α = 0.05). The adhesive interface morphology data, obtained by confocal laser microscopy, were submitted to the interexaminer Kappa test and the data were submitted to Kruskal-Wallis and Dunn´s tests (α = 0.05). The results showed that, in general, the use of 10% α-tocopherol antioxidant solution after bleaching in mediate period promoted satisfactory results regarding the color stability of the restorative set, as well as for the mechanical properties, degree of conversion, shear bond strength and adhesive interface morphology compared to the bleached group without antioxidant agents association, both for the mediate and 14-day period (P < 0.05). The 10% αtocopherol solution showed higher hydrogen peroxide neutralization values and higher enamel wettability values compared to the control and ascorbic acid groups (P < 0.05). Surface energy and total free energy of interaction of tooth enamel were significantly influenced by the bleaching treatment (P < 0.05). Thus, it is concluded that the use of 10% αtocopherol antioxidant solution promoted promising results, suggesting that it could be used mediately after tooth bleaching on luting of ceramic laminates(AU)

Acrylamide reduces plasma antioxidant vitamin levels in rats due to increased oxidative damage / Acrilamida reduz os níveis de vitamina antioxidante no plasma em ratos devido ao aumento do dano oxidativo

ABSTRACT Objective Acrylamide is a potentially neurotoxic and carcinogenic chemical and naturally creates during the heating process of carbohydrate-rich foods, such as potato chips and breakfast cereals. Acrylamide might be ingested by people via consuming food that contains it. Therefore, we investigated the effect of acrylamidegiven orally to male and female rats on plasma retinoic acid and α-tocopherol and serum sialic acid and malondialdehyde levels. Method A total of 50 Wistar rats were used (25 female and 25 male, three-four weeks old). The rats of each sex were given 2 and 5mg/kg/day acrylamide via drinking water for 90 days. At the end of the treatment, the animals were euthanized by cervical dislocation. Blood specimens were collected through cardiac puncture, and serum and plasma samples were analysed using the high-performance liquid chromatography technique with a Ultraviolet detector. Results The analysis of the plasma and serum samples revealed that serum sialic acid and malondialdehyde levels in both sexes given 5mg/kg/day acrylamide were significantly increased, and the serum sialic acid levels were higher in female rats given 2mg/kg/day acrylamide. The plasma retinoic acid and α-tocopherol levels significantly decreased in both sexes given only the highest dose. Conclusion The results show that acrylamide causes an increase in oxidative stress and leads to a decrease in the levels of retinoic acid and α-tocopherol which play a role in the defense mechanism against this stress.

RESUMO Objetivo A acrilamida é um químico potencialmente neurotóxico e carcinogênico, sendo naturalmente criada durante o processo de aquecimento de alimentos ricos em carboidratos, como batatas fritas e cereais matinais. Dado que o composto pode ser ingerido através do consumo de alimentos, o presente trabalho teve por objetivo investigar o seu efeito, quando administrado oralmente a ratos, medindo-se os níveis plasmáticos de ácido retinoico e α-tocoferol, bem como os níveis séricos de ácido siálico e malondialdeído Métodos Foram utilizados cinquenta ratos Wistar, sendo metade de cada sexo, com idade entre três e quatro semanas. Os animais foram divididos em dois grupos, os quais receberam diferentes doses diárias de acrilamida, via água potável, durante noventa dias: o primeiro ingeriu 2mg/kg/dia; e o segundo, 5mg/kg/dia. Ao final do tratamento, os animais foram eutanasiados por meio de luxação cervical. Amostras de sangue foram coletadas através de punção cardíaca, assim como amostras de soro e plasma foram medidas usando-se a técnica de cromatografia líquida de alta performance com detector de Ultravioleta. Resultados A análise das amostras de plasma e soro revelou que os níveis de ácido siálico e malondialdeído, em ratos de ambos os sexos tratados com acrilamida de 5mg/kg/dia, foram significativamente aumentados, ao passo que os níveis séricos de ácido siálico foram maiores em ratas tratadas com 2mg/kg/dia de acrilamida. Já os níveis plasmáticos de ácido retinoico e α-tocoferol diminuíram significativamente em ratos de ambos os sexos, quando tratados com a dose mais elevada.Concl Conclusão Os resultados mostram que a acrilamida causa um aumento no estresse oxidativo e leva a uma diminuição nos níveis de ácido retinoico e α-tocoferol, que desempenham um papel no mecanismo de defesa contra esse estresse.

The effects of pentoxifylline and tocopherol in jaw osteomyelitis

OBJECTIVES: Pentoxifylline (PTX) is a methylxanthine derivative that has been implicated in the pathogenesis of peripheral vessel disease and intermittent lameness. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of PTX and tocopherol in patients diagnosed with osteoradionecrosis (ORN), bisphosphonate-related osteonecrosis of the jaw (BRONJ), and chronic osteomyelitis using digital panoramic radiographs.MATERIALS AND METHODS: This study was performed in 25 patients who were prescribed PTX and tocopherol for treatment of ORN, BRONJ, and chronic osteomyelitis between January 2014 and May 2018 in Seoul National University Dental Hospital. Radiographic densities of the dental panorama were compared prior to starting PTX and tocopherol, at 3 months, and at 6 months after prescription. Radiographic densities were measured using Adobe Photoshop CS6 (Adobe System Inc., USA). Blood sample tests showing the degree of inflammation at the initial visit were considered the baseline and compared with results after 3 to 6 months. Statistical analysis was performed using the Mann–Whitney test and repeated measurement ANOVA using IBM SPSS 23.0 (IBM Corp., USA).RESULTS: Eight patients were diagnosed with ORN, nine patients with BRONJ, and the other 8 patients with chronic osteomyelitis. Ten of the 25 patients were men, average age was 66.32±14.39 years, and average duration of medication was 151.8±80.65 days (range, 56–315 days). Statistically significant increases were observed in the changes between 3 and 6 months after prescription (P<0.05). There was no significant difference between ORN, BRONJ, and chronic osteomyelitis. Only erythrocyte sedimentation rate (ESR) was statistically significantly lower than before treatment (P<0.05) among the white blood cell (WBC), ESR, and absolute neutrophil count (ANC).CONCLUSION: Long-term use of PTX and tocopherol can be an auxiliary method in the treatment of ORN, BRONJ, or chronic osteomyelitis in jaw.

Protective effect of combined melatonin and alpha-tocopherol administration in spinal cord ischemia-reperfusion injury in rat / Efecto protector de la administración combinada de melatonina y alfa-tocoferol en la lesión por isquemia-reperfusión de la médula espinal en ratas

Oxidative stress and inflammation are the key players in the development of motor dysfunction post-spinal cord ischemic reperfusion injury (SC-IRI). This study investigated the protective effect of concomitant pre-administration of melatonin and alpha-tocopherol on the early complications (after 48 hours) of spinal cord IRI injury in rats. Melatonin or α-tocopherol were preadministered either individually or in combination for 2 weeks, then rats were exposed SC-IRI. Neurological examinations of the hind limbs and various biochemical markers of oxidative stress and inflammation in the SC tissue were assessed. Solely pre-administration of either melanin or α-tocopherol significantly but partially improved motor and sensory function of the hind limbs mediated by partial decreases in SC levels of MDA, AOPP and PGE2 levels and activities of SOD, partial significant decreases in plasma levels of total nitrate/nitrite and significant increases in AC activity of GSH-Px. However, combination therapy of both drugs resulted in the maximum improvements in all neurological assessments tested and biochemical endpoints. In conclusion, by their synergistic antioxidant and antiinflammatory actions, the combination therapy of melatonin and α-tocopherol alleviates SC-IRI induced paraplegia.

El estrés oxidativo y la inflamación son claves en el desarrollo de la disfunción motora posterior a lesión isquémica de la médula espinal (SC-IRI). Este estudio investigó acerca del efecto protector de la administración previa concomitante de la melatonina y alfa-tocoferol en las complicaciones tempranas (después de 48 horas) de la lesión de IRI de la médula espinal en ratas. La melatonina o el α-tocoferol se administraron individualmente o en combinación durante 2 semanas, luego las ratas fueron expuestas a SC-IRI. Se evaluaron los exámenes neurológicos de las miembros pélvicos y diversos marcadores bioquímicos de estrés oxidativo e inflamación en el tejido subcutáneo. Solo la administración previa de melatonina o α-tocoferol mejoró parcial y significativamente la función motora y sensorial de los miembros pélvicos mediadas por disminuciones parciales en los niveles de SC de los niveles de MDA, AOPP y PGE2 y las actividades de la SOD, disminuciones significativas parciales en los niveles plasmáticos del total nitrato / nitrito y aumentos significativos en la actividad de AC de GSH-Px. Sin embargo, se observaron los mejores resultados durante la combinación de ambos fármacos en todas las evaluaciones neurológicas y en los puntos finales bioquímicos. En conclusión, debido a sus acciones antioxidantes y antiinflamatorias sinérgicas, la terapia de melatonina y α-tocoferol alivia la paraplejía inducida por SC-IRI.

Use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedling s 'roxo de valinhos' / Uso de reguladores vegetais em mudas de figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos'

The application of plant growth regulators can promote better development of the seedlings, essential for the success of fruit growing. The current study aims to evaluate the use of plant growth regulators in fig tree seedlings 'Roxo de Valinhos'. The experiment was carried out in a suspended nursery covered with plastic, using rooted cuttings of the cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Four applications were made with a commercial product, known as Stimulate®, at doses of 0, 50, 100, 150, and 200 mL L-1. Using a randomized block experimental design, the study was subdivided into plots (doses X days of the last application [after 0, 7, 14 and 21]). The following traits were evaluated: stem and root length; stem diameter; root volume; leaf number; leaf area; stem, leaf and root dry mass; specific leaf area, leaf weight ratio; leaf area ratio; and chlorophyll total. Results indicated that the product promoted greater seedlings development at a dose range from 100 to 150 mL L-1. Different dose levels did not vary according to the days after product application. Furthermore, using such technique enabled seedlings of higher quality and vigour.

A aplicação de reguladores vegetais pode configurar uma técnica viável para promoção do melhor desenvolvimento das mudas, imprescindível para o sucesso da fruticultura. Deste modo, objetivou-se avaliar o uso de reguladores vegetais na produção de mudas da figueira 'Roxo de Valinhos'. O experimento foi realizado em viveiro suspenso com cobertura plástica, utilizando-se estacas enraizadas da cultivar Roxo de Valinhos. Foram realizadas quatro aplicações com o produto comercial Stimulate® nas concentrações de 0, 50, 100, 150, e 200 mL L-1. Utilizou-se o delineamento experimental em blocos casualizados com parcelas subdivididas [concentrações X épocas de avaliação (após 0, 7, 14 e 21 dias da última aplicação)]. Avaliou-se: comprimento do ramo e da maior raiz; diâmetro do ramo; volume de raízes; número de folhas e área foliar; massa seca de folhas, ramos e raízes; área específica foliar, razão de peso foliar e razão da área foliar; e teores de clorofila total. O uso do produto, nas concentrações de 100 a 150 mL L-1, promoveu maior desenvolvimento das mudas. O efeito das diferentes doses não variou em função dos dias após aplicação do produto. O uso de tal técnica permite a obtenção de mudas de maior qualidade e vigor.

Association between antioxidant vitamin intake and obesity among Korean women: using the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2007 ~ 2016 / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: This study examined the association between the antioxidant vitamin intake and obesity in Korean women. METHODS: Adult women aged ≥19 years who completed a health examination and nutrition survey from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey between 2007 ~ 2016 were selected for the study (n = 30,425). A BMI ≥25 kg/m2 and waist circumference ≥85 cm were defined as obesity and abdominal obesity, respectively. The individual antioxidant vitamin intake was estimated by linking the antioxidant vitamin composition database of commonly consumed foods and the subjects' 24-hour recall food consumption data. Carotenoids, retinol, vitamin A (retinol activity equivalent), vitamin C, tocopherols, and vitamin E (α-tocopherol equivalent) were included in the analysis. Each vitamin intake was converted to the nutrient density per 1,000 kcal. Odds ratio (ORs) and 95% confidence interval (CI) for obesity according to each tertile of the nutrient density was obtained from multiple logistic regression adjusted for age, household income, education level, smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity. RESULTS: The mean intake of α-carotene, retinol, vitamin E, α-tocopherol, and γ-tocopherol per 1,000 kcal was significantly lower in the obese group than in the normal group. A higher intake of lycopene was inversely associated with obesity (highest vs. lowest; OR = 0.89, 95% CI: 0.83–0.96) and abdominal obesity (highest vs. lowest; OR = 0.88, 95% CI: 0.81–0.95). Higher intakes of α-carotene, total carotenoids, vitamin A, and γ-tocopherol also had a negative relationship with abdominal obesity. The antioxidant vitamin intakes from eggs, milk and dairy products, seasoning, and grains were significantly lower in the obese group than in the normal group. CONCLUSION: This study showed that the dietary intake of antioxidant vitamins was inversely associated with obesity and abdominal obesity among Korean women. Further study will be needed to examine the causal relationship between the antioxidant vitamin and obesity.

Associations of serum levels of vitamins A, C, and E with the risk of cognitive impairment among elderly Koreans

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Korea is quickly becoming an aged society. Dementia is also becoming a vital public health problem in Korea. Cognitive impairment as a pre-stage of dementia shares most risk factors for dementia. The aim of the present study was to determine associations of serum levels of vitamins A, C, and E with the risk of cognitive impairment among elderly Koreans. SUBJECTS/METHODS: In this cross-sectional study, a total of 230 participants aged 60–79 years from Yangpyeong cohort were included. Cognitive function was assessed by the Korean version of the Mini-Mental State Examination for Dementia Screening. The logistic multivariable regression model was applied to determine the effect of serum vitamins A, C, and E on the risk of cognitive impairment. RESULTS: There was no significant association between the risk of cognitive impairment and serum levels of vitamin A and vitamin C. There was a significant odd ratio when the second tertile group of beta-gamma tocopherol level was compared to the first tertile group [odds ratio (OR) = 0.37, 95% confidence interval (CI) = 0.14–0.98, P for trend = 0.051]. In subgroup analyses, there were significant negative associations between beta-gamma tocopherol level and the risk of cognitive impairment in men (OR = 0.17, 95% CI = 0.03–0.87, P for trend = 0.028), non-drinkers or former drinkers (OR = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.02–0.66, P for trend = 0.025), and non-smokers or former smokers (OR = 0.27, 95% CI = 0.09–0.82, P for trend = 0.017). CONCLUSION: Serum beta-gamma tocopherol levels tended to be inversely associated with the risk of cognitive impairment. Further prospective large-scaled studies are needed to examine this association.

Efeito da suplementação oral de selênio e tocoferol sobre a membrana plasmática espermática em touros da raça Brangus / Effect of oral supplementation of selenium and tocopherol on the spermatic plasma membrane in Brangus bulls

Objetivou-se com o estudo avaliar o efeito da suplementação dietética com selênio e tocoferol sobre a integridade da membrana espermática e qualidade do sêmen fresco e criopreservado em reprodutores bovinos da raça Brangus. Foi avaliado o sêmen de 17 animais que foram divididos em grupo controle (GC) e grupo suplementados por via oral com 400 UI Tocoferol e 0,45 mg Selênio (GS). Os dados foram analisados através da Anova com nível de 5% de significância. Foi observado efeito significativo da suplementação sobre a integridade de membrana plasmática no sêmen fresco (GC 26,70% vs GS 35,71%; p=0.0164) e sêmen criopreservado (GC 8,74% vs GS 11,36%; p=0,0213). A suplementação, com selênio e tocoferol, promoveu efeito positivo sobre a integridade da membrana espermática dos animais da raça Brangus.

Características produtivas, carcaça, cortes e resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleo e vitamina E / Productive and humoral immune response of broilers fed with different sources of oil and vitamin E

A adição de óleos na dieta de frangos de corte proporciona muitas vantagens, visto que, dependendo do perfil de ácidos graxos, pode melhorar o desempenho e atuar como estimulante do sistema imune. Assim, este estudo teve como objetivo avaliar as características produtivas, o rendimento de carcaça, os cortes e a resposta imune humoral de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes fontes de óleos e vitamina E. Foram utilizados 312 pintainhos de corte machos da linhagem Cobb com um dia de idade, distribuídos em delineamento inteiramente ao acaso, com oito repetições compostas de 13 aves por parcela experimental. Os tratamentos experimentais consistiram em óleo de soja, óleo de canola e óleo de canola mais adição de vitamina E. As variáveis analisadas foram ganho de peso, consumo de ração, conversão alimentar, rendimento de carcaça, cortes comerciais e resposta imune humoral. Os resultados obtidos mostram que houve diferença significativa no desempenho somente na fase pré-inicial, quando as aves que receberam o tratamento com óleo de canola e vitamina E apresentaram piores ganhos de peso. Não foram observadas diferenças significativas para as outras variáveis analisadas. Conclui-se que a utilização de diferentes fontes lipídicas associadas ou não à vitamina E não afeta as características produtivas de carcaça, cortes e resposta imune humoral em frangos de corte em relação ao uso de óleo de soja.(AU)

Oil inclusion in poultry diets provides many advantages and according to the fatty acid profile it is possible to achieve performance improvement as well as immune system stimulation. Thus, the study aimed to evaluate productive performance, carcass and cuts yields and also the humoral immune response of broilers consuming diets formulated with different oil sources and vitamin E. A total of 312 one-day old male Cobb was distributed, in a completely randomized design, in three treatments with eight replications of 13 birds. The experimental treatments were the diets that had different oil source as follows: soybean oil, canola oil and canola oils with vitamin E. The analyzed parameters were weight gain, feed intake, feed conversion ratio, carcass and cut yields and humoral immune response. For the treatment with canola oil and vitamin E a reduction on weight gain during the pre-starter stage was observed. For the other evaluated parameters, no significant differences were observed. In conclusion, the use of canola oil or canola oil with added vitamin E does not affect the productive performance, carcass and cut yields and humoral immune response in broiler chicken in relation soybean oil use.(AU)

Association of serum carotenoid, retinol, and tocopherol concentrations with the progression of Parkinson's Disease

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: A pivotal role of oxidative stress has been emphasized in the pathogenesis as well as in the disease progression of Parkinson's disease (PD). We aimed at investigating serum levels of antioxidant vitamins and elucidating whether they could be associated with the pathogenesis and progression of PD. MATERIALS/METHODS: Serum levels of retinol, α- and γ-tocopherols, α- and β-carotenes, lutein, lycopene, zeaxanthin and β-cryptoxanthin were measured and compared between 104 patients with idiopathic PD and 52 healthy controls matched for age and gender. In order to examine the relationship between antioxidant vitamins and the disease progression, multiple group comparisons were performed among the early PD (Hoehn and Yahr stage I and II, N = 47), advanced PD (stage III and IV, N = 57) and control groups. Separate correlation analyses were performed between the measured antioxidant vitamins and clinical variables, such as Hoehn and Yahr stage and Unified Parkinson's Disease Rating Scale (UPDRS) motor score. RESULTS: Compared to controls, PD patients had lower levels of α- and β-carotenes and lycopene. α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene levels were significantly reduced in advanced PD patients relative to early PD patients and were negatively correlated with Hoehn and Yahr stage and UPDRS motor score in PD patients. No significant differences were found in serum levels of retinol, α- and γ-tocopherols, and other carotenoids between PD patients and controls. No significant correlations were found between these vitamin levels and clinical variables in PD patients. CONCLUSIONS: We found that serum levels of some carotenoids, α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene, were lower in PD patients, and that these carotenoids inversely correlated with clinical variables representing disease progression. Our findings suggest that decreases in serum α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene may be associated with the pathogenesis as well as progression of PD.

Current status and trends in estimated intakes and major food groups of vitamin E among Korean adults: Using the 1~6(th) Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey / 한국영양학회지

PURPOSE: The purpose of this study was to determine trends in dietary vitamin E intakes and contributing food groups among Korean adults. METHODS: This study included 66,695 subjects aged ≥ 19 years who completed a nutrition survey as part of the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (1998, 2001, 2005, 2007~2009, 2010~2012, 2013~2015). We estimated individual daily intakes of α-, β-, γ-, δ-tocopherol, and total vitamin E by linking food consumption data with a vitamin E database of commonly consumed foods. RESULTS: Daily vitamin E intake significantly increased from 6.4 mg α-TE/d in 1998 to 7.7 mg α-TE/d in 2013~2015 (p for trend < 0.0001) among men as well as from 5.4 mg α-TE/d in 1998 to 6.5 mg α-TE/d in 2013~2015 among women (p for trend < 0.0001). However, the intake of vitamin E was lower than the adequate intake (AI) of Dietary Reference Intakes for Koreans 2015 (2015 KDRI). In 2013~2015, men consumed 6.5 mg/d of α-tocopherol, 0.5 mg/d of β-tocopherol, 6.0 mg/d of γ-tocopherol, and 3.9 mg/d of δ-tocopherol, whereas women consumed 5.7 mg/d of α-tocopherol, 0.4 mg/d of β-tocopherol, 4.8 mg/d of γ-tocopherol, and 2.8 mg/d of δ-tocopherol. The major food groups contributing to vitamin E intake were vegetables (men: 23.3%, women: 22.7%), grains (men: 14.5%, women: 13.9%), and eggs (men: 13.0%, women: 12.5%). CONCLUSION: This study provides scientific evidence for vitamin E intake in Korean adults. Since the current intake of vitamin E was lower than the reference intakes set by 2015 KDRI, dietary vitamin E intake should be monitored regularly among Korean adults.

Reliability, failure probability, and strength of resin-based materials for CAD/CAM restorations

ABSTRACT Objective: This study investigated the Weibull parameters and 5% fracture probability of direct, indirect composites, and CAD/CAM composites. Material and Methods: Discshaped (12 mm diameter x 1 mm thick) specimens were prepared for a direct composite [Z100 (ZO), 3M-ESPE], an indirect laboratory composite [Ceramage (CM), Shofu], and two CAD/CAM composites [Lava Ultimate (LU), 3M ESPE; Vita Enamic (VE), Vita Zahnfabrik] restorations (n=30 for each group). The specimens were polished, stored in distilled water for 24 hours at 37°C. Weibull parameters (m= modulus of Weibull, σ0= characteristic strength) and flexural strength for 5% fracture probability (σ5%) were determined using a piston-on-three-balls device at 1 MPa/s in distilled water. Statistical analysis for biaxial flexural strength analysis were performed either by both one-way ANOVA and Tukey's post hoc (α=0.05) or by Pearson's correlation test. Results: Ranking of m was: VE (19.5), LU (14.5), CM (11.7), and ZO (9.6). Ranking of σ0 (MPa) was: LU (218.1), ZO (210.4), CM (209.0), and VE (126.5). σ5% (MPa) was 177.9 for LU, 163.2 for CM, 154.7 for Z0, and 108.7 for VE. There was no significant difference in the m for ZO, CM, and LU. VE presented the highest m value and significantly higher than ZO. For σ0 and σ5%, ZO, CM, and LU were similar but higher than VE. Conclusion: The strength characteristics of CAD/ CAM composites vary according to their composition and microstructure. VE presented the lowest strength and highest Weibull modulus among the materials.

Evaluation of the functionality of bread loaves prepared with quinoa flakes through biological tests

ABSTRACT The aim of this study was to evaluate quinoa flakes and bread prepared with the pseudocereal with regard to nutritional aspects by determining chemical composition, content of tocopherols and fatty acid composition as well as to possible beneficial effects in Wistar rats given commercial feed supplemented or not with quinoa flakes and cholesterol. The following parameters were determined: weight gain, food intake, liver weight, fat in liver and lipid profile in blood and liver. The results showed that processing affected the nutritional characteristics of bread because there was a significant increase in dietary fiber content but reduction in soluble fiber. Increased fiber did not influence food intake or weight gain. Regarding fat in liver of rats, the group that consumed bread without quinoa but with cholesterol showed higher lipid content. The addition of quinoa increased significantly the level of all types of tocopherols, especially in the group of animals that consumed 20% quinoa bread, improving the lipid profile both in blood and liver, largely due to a reduction in oxidized LDL.

RESUMO O objetivo deste estudo foi avaliar os flocos de quinoa e os pães elaborados com o pseudocereal, tanto em relação a aspectos nutricionais por meio da análise da composição centesimal, do teor de tocoferóis, composição em ácidos graxos, quanto aos possíveis efeitos benéficos, através de experimento com ratos Wistar, consumindo ração comercial, suplementados ou não com flocos de quinoa e colesterol. Foram determinados: ganho de peso, consumo de alimento, peso e gordura do fígado e perfil lipídico do sangue e do fígado. Pelos resultados, verificou-se que o processamento afetou as características nutricionais dos pães, pois houve aumento significativo no teor de fibras totais, porém redução nas fibras solúveis. O aumento de fibras não influenciou no consumo alimentar nem no ganho de peso. Em relação à gordura do fígado dos ratos, o grupo que consumiu pão sem quinoa com colesterol apresentou maior teor de lipídios. A adição de quinoa incrementou significativamente o teor de alguns tipos de tocoferóis, principalmente no grupo de animais que consumiu o pão com 20% de quinoa, melhorando o perfil lipídico, tanto do sangue quanto do fígado, principalmente devido à redução do LDLoxidado.

Similarities and differences between alpha-tocopherol and gamma-tocopherol in amelioration of inflammation, oxidative stress and pre-fibrosis in hyperglycemia induced acute kidney inflammation

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a major chronic disease which increases global health problems. Diabetes-induced renal damage is associated with inflammation and fibrosis. Alpha (AT) and gamma-tocopherols (GT) have shown antioxidant and anti-inflammatory effects in inflammation-mediated injuries. The primary aim of this study was to investigate effects of AT and GT supplementations on hyperglycemia induced acute kidney inflammation in alloxan induced diabetic mice with different levels of fasting blood glucose (FBG). MATERIALS/METHODS: Diabetes was induced by injection of alloxan monohydrate (150 mg/kg, i.p) in ICR mice (5.5-week-old, male) and mice were subdivided according to their FBG levels and treated with different diets for 2 weeks; CON: non-diabetic mice, m-DMC: diabetic control mice with mild FBG levels (250 mg/dl < or = FBG < or = 450 mg/dl), m-AT: m-DM mice fed AT supplementation (35 mg/kg diet), m-GT: m-DM mice with GT supplementation (35 mg/kg diet), s-DMC: diabetic control mice with severe FBG levels (450 mg/dl < FBG), s-AT: s-DM mice with AT supplementation, s-GT: s-DM mice with GT supplementation. RESULTS: Both AT and GT supplementations showed similar beneficial effects on NFkappaB associated inflammatory response (phosphorylated inhibitory kappa B-alpha, interleukin-1beta, C-reactive protein, monocyte chemotactic protein-1) and pre-fibrosis (tumor growth factor beta-1 and protein kinase C-II) as well as an antioxidant emzyme, heme oxygenase-1 (HO-1) in diabetic mice. On the other hands, AT and GT showed different beneficial effects on kidney weight, FBG, and oxidative stress associated makers (malondialdehyde, glutathione peroxidase, and catalase) except HO-1. In particular, GT significantly preserved kidney weight in m-DM and improved FBG levels in s-DM and malondialdehyde and catalase in m- and s-DM, while AT significantly attenuated FBG levels in m-DM and improved glutathione peroxidase in m- and s-DM. CONCLUSIONS: The results suggest that AT and GT with similarities and differences would be considered as beneficial nutrients to modulate hyperglycemia induced acute renal inflammation. Further research with careful approach is needed to confirm beneficial effects of tocopherols in diabetes with different FBG levels for clinical applications.

Desempenho de frangos de corte alimentados com diferentes níveis de suplementação de vitamina E / Effect of vitamin E supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens

Objetivou-se a avaliação dos efeitos dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina E na ração para frangos de corte sobre o desempenho na fase inicial (um a 21 dias de idade) e de crescimento (21 a 39 dias de idade). Os tratamentos foram definidos pelos níveis de suplementação de vitamina E (DL-α tocoferol). As quantidades adicionadas às rações foram: 10; 30; 50; 75 e 100mg de vitamina E para cada kg de ração. Na fase inicial (experimento I), o menor nível de suplementação de vitamina E mostrou-se superior aos demais, apresentando efeito significativo (P≤0,05) sobre o peso médio aos 21 dias de idade e ganho de peso de um a 21 dias de idade. Na fase de crescimento (experimento II), não houve efeito significativo (P>0,05) dos níveis de suplementação de vitamina E sobre as variáveis estudadas. O nível mínimo de suplementação de vitamina E testado (10mg/kg) é suficiente para atender às exigências dos frangos de corte machos sobre o desempenho.(AU)

This study aimed to evaluate the effect of vitamin E supplementation on the performance of broiler chickens in the initial and growth phase, from one to 21 and 21 to 39 days of age, respectively. Five increasing levels of DL-α tocopherol supplementation (10, 30, 50, 75 and 100mg to each kg of diet) were added to the diet. In the initial phase (experiment I), the lowest vitamin E level was superior by presenting significant effect (P≤0.05) on body weight at 21 days of age and weight gain from one to 21 days old. In the growth phase (experiment II), there was no significant effect (P>0.05) of vitamin E supplementation on the variables studied. The minimum level of vitamin E supplementation tested is sufficient to attend the requirements of male broiler chickens.(AU)

Vitamin E status of 20- to 59-year-old adults living in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and functions primarily as a lipid antioxidant. Inadequate vitamin E status may increase risk of several chronic diseases. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate intake and plasma concentration of each tocopherol and to evaluate vitamin E status of Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Three consecutive 24-h food recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20- to 59-y-old adults (33 males and 73 females) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherol intakes and plasma concentrations of tocopherols (alpha-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherol) were analyzed by gender. RESULTS: Dietary vitamin E and total vitamin E intake (dietary plus supplemental vitamin E) was 17.68 +/- 14.34 and 19.55 +/- 15.78 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents, respectively. The mean daily alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol intakes were 3.07 +/- 2.27 mg and 5.98 +/- 3.74 mg, respectively. Intakes of total vitamin E and each tocopherol of males were significantly higher than those of females (P or = 0.05). Plasma alpha-tocopherol was negatively correlated with gamma-tocopherol intake (P < 0.05). Twenty-three percent of the subjects had plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations < 12 micromol/L indicating a biochemical deficiency of vitamin E. Approximately 8% and 9% of these participants had plasma alpha-tocopherol:total lipid ratio less than 1.59 micromol/mmol and plasma alpha-tocopherol:total cholesterol ratio less than 2.22 micromol/mmol, respectively, which are also indicative of vitamin E deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E intakes of Korean adults were generally adequate with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin E. However, alpha-tocopherol intake was lower than that reported in other countries, and 23% of the subjects in the current study were vitamin E deficient based on plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations.

Vitamin E status of 20- to 59-year-old adults living in the Seoul metropolitan area of South Korea

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Vitamin E is a fat-soluble vitamin and functions primarily as a lipid antioxidant. Inadequate vitamin E status may increase risk of several chronic diseases. Thus, the objectives of this study were to estimate intake and plasma concentration of each tocopherol and to evaluate vitamin E status of Korean adults. SUBJECTS/METHODS: Three consecutive 24-h food recalls and fasting blood samples were collected from healthy 20- to 59-y-old adults (33 males and 73 females) living in the Seoul metropolitan area, South Korea. alpha-, beta-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherol intakes and plasma concentrations of tocopherols (alpha-, delta-, and gamma-tocopherol) were analyzed by gender. RESULTS: Dietary vitamin E and total vitamin E intake (dietary plus supplemental vitamin E) was 17.68 +/- 14.34 and 19.55 +/- 15.78 mg alpha-tocopherol equivalents, respectively. The mean daily alpha-tocopherol, and gamma-tocopherol intakes were 3.07 +/- 2.27 mg and 5.98 +/- 3.74 mg, respectively. Intakes of total vitamin E and each tocopherol of males were significantly higher than those of females (P or = 0.05). Plasma alpha-tocopherol was negatively correlated with gamma-tocopherol intake (P < 0.05). Twenty-three percent of the subjects had plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations < 12 micromol/L indicating a biochemical deficiency of vitamin E. Approximately 8% and 9% of these participants had plasma alpha-tocopherol:total lipid ratio less than 1.59 micromol/mmol and plasma alpha-tocopherol:total cholesterol ratio less than 2.22 micromol/mmol, respectively, which are also indicative of vitamin E deficiency. CONCLUSIONS: Vitamin E intakes of Korean adults were generally adequate with the Korean Dietary Reference Intakes for vitamin E. However, alpha-tocopherol intake was lower than that reported in other countries, and 23% of the subjects in the current study were vitamin E deficient based on plasma alpha-tocopherol concentrations.

La transexualidad: aspectos jurídico-sanitarios en el ordenamiento español / Transsexuality: law and health-related aspects in the Spanish legal system

El fenómeno de la transexualidad es un asunto en el que el peso social, en concreto de los colectivos transexuales, ha sido y sigue siendo crucial en muchos aspectos, desde la progresiva eliminación de la discriminación hasta la influencia para que el poder legislativo se pronuncie. En este artículo de investigación se tratará especialmente una de las reivindicaciones clásicas del colectivo, esto es, el tratamiento sanitario integral de la persona transexual dentro del Sistema Nacional de Salud. En este sentido, se observarán los avances en el desarrollo de un sistema sanitario adecuado para este colectivo, su tratamiento por parte de los distintos ordenamientos jurídicos en España, en general, y en alguna de sus comunidades autónomas con legislaciones más destacables (en especial Andalucía como comunidad autónoma pionera, el País Vasco y la Comunidad Foral de Navarra) y los retos pendientes, haciendo una especial investigación en torno a las sustanciales novedades que ha implantado en este ámbito la publicación de la quinta edición del Manual diagnóstico y estadístico de los trastornos mentales.

The social weight of transsexual groups has been and continues to be crucial in many aspects regarding transsexuality, from the progressive elimination of discrimination to influence in the legislative branch. This paper especially discusses a classic demand of these groups, comprehensive medical treatment of transsexual people within the National Health System. Thus, progress in the development of an adequate healthcare system for these groups, their treatment in the legal systems of Spain in general and of some of its autonomous communities with more noteworthy laws (especially in Andalusia, an autonomous community that has been pioneering in this regard, as well as the Basque Country and Navarre) and remaining challenges will be observed in this work. The article will also take particular note of the substantial developments that the publication of the Fifth Edition of the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders has established in this area.

Assessment of the protective role of vitamine E in atrazine toxicity on the testis of adult albino rats: a histological and biochemical study

Atrazine [ATZ] is one of the most commonly used herbicides that adversely affect the reproductive system in rats. The aim of the study was to evaluate the impact of vitamin E [Vit E] on subchronic exposure to ATZ in testicular tissue. Fifty adult male albino rats were divided into five groups: the negative control group; the positive control group, which received 1 ml of corn oil/day, orally; the Vit E group, which received Vit E at 100 mg/kg/day, orally; the ATZ group, which received ATZ at 300 mg/kg/day, orally; and the ATZ+Vit E group, which received both ATZ and Vit E at the previously mentioned doses. Treatments were given for 6 days/week for 45 days. At the end of the experiment, blood samples were taken to measure serum testosterone level. Semen analysis and estimation of oxidative stress markers catalase, superoxide dismutase, and tissue malondialdehyde were carried out. The testes were processed for light and electron microscopic examination. An immunohistochemical study was performed for detection of Bcl2. ATZ caused a decrease in serum testosterone level and in superoxide dismutase and catalase enzyme activities, whereas malondialdehyde content increased. There was also a decrease in sperm count, viability, and motility in comparison with the control groups. Light microscopic examination of seminiferous tubules revealed degeneration of the germinal epithelium. The lumen contained sloughed cells and homogenous acidophilic material. Ultrastructurally, there was separation of the germinal epithelial cells with small dense nuclei and phagocytic remnants. Sertoli and Leydig cells were also affected. Bcl-2 immunolocalization revealed weak reaction in the cytoplasm of the germinal epithelial cells and Leydig cells. Concomitant use of Vit E caused partial improvement. ATZ induced detrimental effects in the testicular tissue that were attenuated by concomitant administration of vitamin E